Lymphoedema Evidence Library › Printable list of sources
Every source (1009)
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| Reference | Study type | Certainty | Direction |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abakay H, Doğan H, Güç A. Complex decongestive physiotherapy in paediatric patients with precox primary lymphoedema. J Lymphoedema. 2023;18(1):16-20. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Primary study | GRADE ⊕◯◯◯ Very low | Context |
| Abe K, Tsuji T, Oka A, Shoji J, Kamisako M, Hohri H, et al. Postural differences in the immediate effects of active exercise with compression therapy on lower limb lymphedema. Support Care Cancer. 2021;29(11):6535-43. doi:10.1007/s00520-020-05976-y PMID 33928435. | Randomised trial | GRADE ⊕⊕◯◯ Low | Supports |
| Abe R, Kimura M, Airosaki A, Ishii H, Nakamura T, Kasai M, et al. Retroperitoneal lymphangiomyomatosis with lymphedema of the legs. Lymphology. 1980;13(2):62-7. PMID 7412386. | Case report | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Abramowitz I. Lymphangiography and phlebography in obscure limb oedema. S Afr J Surg. 1971;9(2):65-76. PMID 5571340. | Primary study | Not graded | Context |
| Abramowitz I. Lymphangiography: current experience. S Afr J Surg. 1968;6(2):61-9. PMID 5704552. | Primary study | Not graded | Context |
| Abramowitz I. Secondary lymphoedema. S Afr J Surg. 1970;8(2):57-9. PMID 5484980. | Primary study | Not graded | Context |
| Accarpio G, Cariati E, Scordamaglia R, Rella G, Arcuri V, Papi M. A case of lymphedema of the lower limbs as a result of metastatic spread to the lymphatic vessels of the dermis. Lymphology. 1981;14(3):141-3. PMID 6270472. | Case report | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Accarpio G, Larghero GC, Vigna S, Roccatagliata C, Rocca G, Nati R. Unusual chylolymphedema of congenital origin. Lymphology. 1984;17(4):113-4. PMID 6530898. | Case report | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Addiss D. Global collaboration is crucial for lymphology and filariology. J Lymphoedema. 2007;2(1):89-91. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Narrative review | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Adondakis M, Ali H, Salehi BP, Friedman R, Sun W, Donohoe K, et al. Correlation of inguinal lymph node number and volume with lower extremity lymphedema severity. Lymphology. 2023;56(4):160-7. PMID 39207408. | Primary study | GRADE ⊕◯◯◯ Very low | Context |
| Adriaenssens N, Buyl R, Lievens P, Fontaine C, Lamote J. Comparative study between mobile infrared optoelectronic volumetry with a Perometer and two commonly used methods for the evaluation of arm volume in patients with breast cancer related lymphedema of the arm. Lymphology. 2013;46(3):132-43. PMID 24645536. | Diagnostic or measurement study | Evidence level 3 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Adriaenssens N, Verbelen H, Lievens P, Lamote J. Lymphedema of the operated and irradiated breast in breast cancer patients following breast conserving surgery and radiotherapy. Lymphology. 2012;45(4):154-64. PMID 23700762. | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Akgul A, Mazi İ, Aydin G, Yavuz M, Yeldan İ. The effect of muscles in the treatment of lower limb lymphedema: respiratory muscles or leg muscles? Support Care Cancer. 2025;33(5):375. doi:10.1007/s00520-025-09436-3 PMID 40214771. | Randomised trial | GRADE ⊕⊕◯◯ Low | Challenges |
| Akita S, Mitsukawa N, Kuriyama M, Kubota Y, Hasegawa M, Tokumoto H, et al. Comparison of vascularized supraclavicular lymph node transfer and lymphaticovenular anastomosis for advanced stage lower extremity lymphedema. Ann Plast Surg. 2015;74(5):573-9. doi:10.1097/SAP.0000000000000513 PMID 25875724. | Primary study | GRADE ⊕◯◯◯ Very low | Supports |
| Al Qurashi AA, Njessi P, Mortada H, Camuzard O, Hong JP, Lupon E. The 50 most-cited publications in lymphatic surgery: a bibliometric analysis. JPRAS Open. 2026;49:529-49. doi:10.1016/j.jpra.2026.03.032 PMID 42028378. | Narrative review | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Al-Niaimi F, Cox N. Cellulitis and lymphoedema: a vicious cycle. J Lymphoedema. 2009;4(2):38-42. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Narrative review | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Alamri Y. Does measuring blood pressure post-breast cancer surgical intervention increase the risk of developing ipsilateral arm lymphoedema? J Lymphoedema. 2016;11(1):15-8. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Systematic review | GRADE ⊕◯◯◯ Very low | Context |
| Alavi A, Smart H, Sibbald RG. Lymphedema and lipedema. In: Chronic wound care: a clinical source book for healthcare professionals. 5th ed. p. 1-19. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Book chapter | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Alcorso J, Sherman KA, Koelmeyer L, Mackie H, Boyages J. Perceived barriers to adherence to breast cancer-related lymphoedema self-management. J Lymphoedema. 2016;11(1):20-6. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| AlJindan FK, Lin CY, Cheng MH. Comparison of outcomes between side-to-end and end-to-end lymphovenous anastomoses for early-grade extremity lymphedema. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2019;144(2):486-96. doi:10.1097/PRS.0000000000005870 PMID 31348365. | Primary study | GRADE ⊕◯◯◯ Very low | Supports |
| All Wales Tissue Viability Nurse Forum. All Wales guidance for the management of hyperkeratosis of the lower limb. London: Wounds UK; 2014. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Guideline or consensus | Guideline quality 2/7 | Context |
| Allegra C, Sarcinella R, Bartolo M Jr. Morphologic and functional changes of the microlymphatic network in patients with advancing stages of primary lymphedema. Lymphology. 2002;35(3):114-20. PMID 12363221. | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Amann-Vesti BR, Franzeck UK, Bollinger A. Microlymphatic aneurysms in patients with lipedema. Lymphology. 2001;34(4):170-5. PMID 11783595. | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Amato ACM, Amato JLS, Benitti DA. The efficacy of ketogenic diets (low carbohydrate; high fat) as a potential nutritional intervention for lipedema: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2024;16(19):3276. doi:10.3390/nu16193276 PMID 39408242. | Systematic review | GRADE ⊕◯◯◯ Very low | Context |
| Anand A, Balasubramanian D, Subramaniam N, Murthy S, Limbachiya S, Iyer S, et al. Secondary lymphedema after head and neck cancer therapy: a review. Lymphology. 2018;51(3):109-18. PMID 30422433. | Narrative review | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Andersen DC, Bjerre FA, Jørgensen MG, Sørensen JA, Jensen CH. Clinical outcome is unlinked to injection of adipose-derived regenerative cells in the axilla of breast cancer-related lymphedema patients. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2024;15(1):426. doi:10.1186/s13287-024-04037-z PMID 39543743. | Randomised trial | GRADE ⊕⊕⊕◯ Moderate | Context |
| Anderson EA, Anbari AB, Armer NC, Armer JM. Lymphoedema therapist practice, then and now: 2009–2018 international survey results. J Lymphoedema. 2022;17(1):12-7. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Anderson EA, Anbari AB, Sun Y, Wareg NK, Narkthong N, Sekyere MO, et al. Urban, rural/small-town, Hispanic/Latina, and Ghanaian breast cancer survivors with lymphoedema returning to work. J Lymphoedema. 2024;19(1):34-40. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Anderson M, Hamilton D, Munnoch A. A prospective 2 year review of lymphedema rates in breast cancer patients following mastectomy, axillary clearance, and immediate free flap breast reconstruction. Lymphology. 2024;57(4):191-7. PMID 40245436. | Primary study | GRADE ⊕⊕◯◯ Low | Context |
| Anvekar A, Athalye-Jape G, Panchal H, Rao S, Kohan R. Outcomes of neonatal chylous effusions: a 20-year west-Australian tertiary center experience. Lymphology. 2021;54(4):204-13. PMID 35073624. | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Apolinário A, Kohl Lima EL, Borsari GC, Rezende MS, Rangon FB, Rossi DM, et al. Reliability of functional compressive bandaging in the treatment of lymphedema secondary to the treatment of breast cancer. Lymphology. 2022;55(2):47-53. PMID 36170578. | Diagnostic or measurement study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Arao H, Yamamoto S, Izawa T. Association of self-management skills with patient characteristics and lymphoedema development in women with breast cancer: a cross-sectional observational study. J Lymphoedema. 2023;18(1). [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Arends CR, Lindhout JE, van der Molen L, Wilthagen EA, van den Brekel MWM, Stuiver MM. A systematic review of validated assessments methods for head and neck lymphedema. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2023;280(6):2653-61. doi:10.1007/s00405-023-07841-0 PMID 36763153. | Systematic review | GRADE ⊕⊕◯◯ Low | Context |
| Arinaga Y, Piller N, Sato F. How can we know the true magnitude of any breast cancer-related lymphoedema if we do not know which is the true dominant arm? J Lymphoedema. 2016;11(1):27-34. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Arinaga Y, Sato F, Miyata S, Piller N, Ohtake T. Online general exercise management program for patients with breast cancer-related lymphoedema: a protocol for a pilot randomised controlled trial. J Lymphoedema. 2025;20(1):70-3. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Primary study | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Arinaga Y, Sato F, Piller N, Kakamu T, Kikuchi K, Ohtake T, et al. A 10 minute self-care program may reduce breast cancer-related lymphedema: a six-month prospective longitudinal comparative study. Lymphology. 2016;49(2):93-106. PMID 29906367. | Primary study | GRADE ⊕◯◯◯ Very low | Context |
| Arkwright JW, Wang DHC, Patton V. An optical fibre tape sensor for monitoring sub-bandage pressures: progress towards an \"ideal sensor\". J Lymphoedema. 2013;8(1):24-8. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Armer J, Fu MR, Wainstock JM, Zagar E, Jacobs LK. Lymphedema following breast cancer treatment, including sentinel lymph node biopsy. Lymphology. 2004;37(2):73-91. PMID 15328760. | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Armer JM, Anderson EA, Armer NC, Smith KM, Moffatt C. International Lymphoedema Framework chronic oedema/lymphoedema outcome measures project: American Lymphedema Framework Project stakeholders report. J Lymphoedema. 2021;16(1):20-3. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Armer JM, Stewart BR, Shook RP. 30-month post-breast cancer treatment lymphoedema. J Lymphoedema. 2009;4(1):14-8. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Primary study | Evidence level 3 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Armer JM, Stewart BR. Post-breast cancer lymphedema: incidence increases from 12 to 30 to 60 months. Lymphology. 2010;43(3):118-27. PMID 21226414. | Primary study | GRADE ⊕⊕⊕◯ Moderate | Context |
| Ashforth K, Morgner S, VanHoose L. A new treatment for soft tissue fibrosis in the breast. J Lymphoedema. 2011;6(2):42-6. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Case report | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Askar OM. \"Communicating lymphatics\" and lympho-venous communications in relation to deep venous occlusion of the leg. Lymphology. 1969;2(2):56-63. PMID 5352858. | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Askary ZM, Elshazly M. Addition of local cryotherapy for treatment of post-mastectomy lymphedema. Lymphology. 2022;55(2):70-6. PMID 36170581. | Randomised trial | GRADE ⊕◯◯◯ Very low | Supports |
| Atef D, Elkeblawy MM, El-Sebaie A, Abouelnaga WAI. A quasi-randomized clinical trial: virtual reality versus proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation for postmastectomy lymphedema. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst. 2020;32(1):29. doi:10.1186/s43046-020-00041-5 PMID 32537717. | Randomised trial | GRADE ⊕◯◯◯ Very low | Challenges |
| Atta A, Saber El Basiouny M, Mostafa Abass S. Surgical treatment of scrotal lymphedema: modified surgical technique. Lymphology. 2018;51(1):38-43. PMID 30248730. | Case report | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Avrahami R, Gabbay E, Bsharah B, Haddad M, Koren A, Dahn J, et al. Severe lymphedema of the arm as a potential cause of shoulder trauma. Lymphology. 2004;37(4):202-5. PMID 15693538. | Case report | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Avrahami R, Haddad M, Zelikovski A. Combined surgical correction of bilateral congenital lower limb lymphedema with associated anomalies. Lymphology. 1998;31(2):65-7. PMID 9664270. | Case report | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Ay AA, Kutun S, Cetin A. Lymphoedema after mastectomy for breast cancer: importance of supportive care. S Afr J Surg. 2014;52(2):41-4. doi:10.7196/sajs.1908 PMID 25216094. | Cohort study | GRADE ⊕◯◯◯ Very low | Context |
| Azadgoli B, Gould DJ, Ghodoussipour S, Boyd SD, Carey JN. Genital lymphoedema: pathology, reconstruction and outcomes. J Lymphoedema. 2019;14(1):25-8. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Primary study | GRADE ⊕◯◯◯ Very low | Context |
| Badger C, Preston N, Seers K, Mortimer P. Benzo-pyrones for reducing and controlling lymphoedema of the limbs. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;(2):CD003140. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003140.pub2 PMID 15106192. | Systematic review | GRADE ⊕◯◯◯ Very low | Challenges |
| Baerg J, Ou H. Endoscopic placement of a pleuroperitoneal shunt. J Lymphoedema. 2011;6(1):69-71. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Case report | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Baker PW. Is there a role for contrast hydrotherapy? J Lymphoedema. 2011;6(2):72-80. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Narrative review | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Balzarini A, Lualdi P, Lucarini C, Ferla S, Galli M, Crivellini M, et al. Biomechanical evaluation of scapular girdle in patients with chronic arm lymphedema. Lymphology. 2006;39(3):132-40. PMID 17036634. | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Balzarini A, Milella M, Civelli E, Sigari C, De Conno F. Ultrasonography of arm edema after axillary dissection for breast cancer: a preliminary study. Lymphology. 2001;34(4):152-5. PMID 11783592. | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Balzarini A, Pirovano C, Diazzi G, Olivieri R, Ferla F, Galperti G, et al. Ultrasound therapy of chronic arm lymphedema after surgical treatment of breast cancer. Lymphology. 1993;26(3):128-34. PMID 8258986. | Primary study | Evidence level 3 (OCEBM) | Challenges |
| Barbieux R, Roman MM, Peñafuerte DRY, Leduc O, Leduc A, Bourgeois P, et al. Manual lymphatic drainage increases the number of opened lymphatic pathways in patients with lower limb lymphedemas: a sequential lymphoscintigraphic study. Lymphology. 2022;55(4):155-66. PMID 37553004. | Diagnostic or measurement study | GRADE ⊕⊕◯◯ Low | Context |
| Barfield M, Winokur R, Berland T, Davis S, Ralph V, Chatham N, et al. Results from a comparative study to evaluate the treatment effectiveness of a nonpneumatic compression device vs an advanced pneumatic compression device for lower extremity lymphedema swelling (TEAYS study). J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2025;13(1):101965. doi:10.1016/j.jvsv.2024.101965 PMID 39222789. | Randomised trial | GRADE ⊕◯◯◯ Very low | Supports |
| Basoglu C, Sindel D, Corum M, Oral A. Comparison of complete decongestive therapy and kinesiology taping for unilateral upper limb breast cancer-related lymphedema: a randomized controlled trial. Lymphology. 2021;54(1):41-51. PMID 34506086. | Randomised trial | GRADE ⊕⊕◯◯ Low | Challenges |
| Bates DO, Levick JR, Mortimer PS. Quantification of rate and depth of pitting in human edema using an electronic tonometer. Lymphology. 1994;27(4):159-72. PMID 7898130. | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Baulieu F, Baulieu JL, Vaillant L, Secchi V, Barsotti J. Factorial analysis in radionuclide lymphography: assessment of the effects of sequential pneumatic compression. Lymphology. 1989;22(4):178-85. PMID 2632993. | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Baulieu F, Bourgeois P, Maruani A, Belgrado JP, Tauveron V, Lorette G, et al. Contributions of SPECT/CT imaging to the lymphoscintigraphic investigations of the lower limb lymphedema. Lymphology. 2013;46(3):106-19. PMID 24645534. | Diagnostic or measurement study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Baumeister RG, Seifert J. Microsurgical lymphvessel-transplantation for the treatment of lymphedema: experimental and first clinical experiences. Lymphology. 1981;14(2):90. PMID 7289667. | Case report | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Baumeister RGH, Wallmichrath J, Weiss M, Baumeister SHC, Frick A. Microsurgical lymphatic vascular grafting and secondary liposuction: results of combination treatment in secondary lymphedema. Lymphology. 2020;53(1):38-47. PMID 32521129. | Primary study | GRADE ⊕◯◯◯ Very low | Context |
| Baumeister RGH. Reconstructive lymph vascular surgery. Cham: Springer; 2017. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-31647-5 | Textbook | Not graded | Context |
| Becker C, Vasile JV, Levine JL, Batista BN, Studinger RM, Chen CM, et al. Microlymphatic surgery for the treatment of iatrogenic lymphedema. Clin Plast Surg. 2012;39(4):385-98. doi:10.1016/j.cps.2012.08.002 PMID 23036289. | Narrative review | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Beelen LM, van Dishoeck AM, Tsangaris E, Coriddi M, Dayan JH, Pusic AL, et al. Patient-reported outcome measures in lymphedema: a systematic review and COSMIN analysis. Ann Surg Oncol. 2021;28(3):1656-68. doi:10.1245/s10434-020-09346-0 PMID 33249519. | Systematic review | GRADE ⊕⊕⊕◯ Moderate | Context |
| Begoğlu FA, Akpınar P, Özkan FÜ, Öztürk G, Aktaş I. Health status, coronaphobia, quality of life, anxiety and depression in patients with lymphedema during COVID-19 pandemic. Lymphology. 2022;55(1):21-32. PMID 35896112. | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Belanová I, Veselenyiova D, Gelanová V, Kozáčiková R, Bonetti G, Kaftalli J, et al. Genetic variants in LZTR1, MAP2K1 and RAF1: insights into the role of RAS-MAPK pathway in primary lymphedema. Lymphology. 2025;58(2):46-55. PMID 40803040. | Primary study | Evidence level 3 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Bellini C, Boccardo F, Taddei G, Mazzella M, Arioni C, Villa G, et al. Diagnostic protocol for lymphoscintigraphy in newborns. Lymphology. 2005;38(1):9-15. PMID 15856680. | Narrative review | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Bellini C, Di Battista E, Boccardo F, Campisi C, Villa G, Taddei G, et al. The role of lymphoscintigraphy in the diagnosis of lymphedema in Turner syndrome. Lymphology. 2009;42(3):123-9. PMID 19927901. | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Bellini C, Ergaz Z, Radicioni M, Forner-Cordero I, Witte M, Perotti G, et al. Congenital fetal and neonatal visceral chylous effusions: neonatal chylothorax and chylous ascites revisited. A multicenter retrospective study. Lymphology. 2012;45(3):91-102. PMID 23342929. | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Bellini C, Villa G, Sambuceti G, Traggiai C, Campisi C, Bellini T, et al. Lymphoscintigraphy patterns in newborns and children with congenital lymphatic dysplasia. Lymphology. 2014;47(1):28-39. PMID 25109167. | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Bellini C, Witte MH, Campisi C, Bonioli E, Boccardo F. Congenital lymphatic dysplasias: genetics review and resources for the lymphologist. Lymphology. 2009;42(1):36-41. PMID 19499766. | Narrative review | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Bergmann A, da Costa Leite Ferreira MG, de Aguiar SS, de Almeida Dias R, de Souza Abrahão K, Paltrinieri EM, et al. Physiotherapy in upper limb lymphedema after breast cancer treatment: a randomized study. Lymphology. 2014;47(2):82-91. PMID 25282874. | Randomised trial | GRADE ⊕⊕◯◯ Low | Challenges |
| Bertsch T. Compression therapy underrepresented: critical assessment of interim LIPLEG results. Vasomed. 2025;37(6):188-94. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Narrative review | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Best M, Tang E, Buhagiar M, Agar M. Lower-limb oedema at the end of life: how common is it? J Lymphoedema. 2018;13(1):20-3. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Billingham R. A rare case of Kaposi sarcoma. J Lymphoedema. 2007;2(2):66-73. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Case report | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Billingham R. A rare case of post-mastectomy lymphangiosarcoma. J Lymphoedema. 2007;2(1):73-6. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Case report | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Bjork R. Positive outcomes with Legassist compression garments treating advanced, stage 3 lymphoedema and deleterious consequences of coverage denials. J Lymphoedema. 2020;15(1):77-83. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Case report | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Blanchfield L. Manual lymph drainage without compression therapy can reduce chronic oedema: a case study. J Lymphoedema. 2018;13(1):34-6. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Case report | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Blom KY, Johansson KI, Nilsson-Wikmar LB, Brogårdh CB. Early intervention with compression garments prevents progression in mild breast cancer-related arm lymphedema: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Oncol. 2022;61(7):897-905. doi:10.1080/0284186X.2022.2081932 PMID 35657063. | Randomised trial | GRADE ⊕⊕◯◯ Low | Supports |
| Bloomquist K, Krustrup P, Fristrup B, Sørensen V, Helge JW, Helge EW, et al. Effects of football fitness training on lymphedema and upper-extremity function in women after treatment for breast cancer: a randomized trial. Acta Oncol. 2021;60(3):392-400. doi:10.1080/0284186X.2020.1868570 PMID 33423594. | Randomised trial | GRADE ⊕⊕◯◯ Low | Context |
| Board J, Anderson J. Improving patient access to compression garments: an alternative approach. J Lymphoedema. 2018;13(1):54-8. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Boccardo F, De Cian F, Campisi CC, Molinari L, Spinaci S, Dessalvi S, et al. Surgical prevention and treatment of lymphedema after lymph node dissection in patients with cutaneous melanoma. Lymphology. 2013;46(1):20-6. PMID 23930438. | Primary study | GRADE ⊕◯◯◯ Very low | Context |
| Boccardo FM, Ansaldi F, Bellini C, Accogli S, Taddei G, Murdaca G, et al. Prospective evaluation of a prevention protocol for lymphedema following surgery for breast cancer. Lymphology. 2009;42(1):1-9. PMID 19499762. | Randomised trial | GRADE ⊕⊕◯◯ Low | Supports |
| Bockarie MJ, Kelly-Hope L, Haskew JE. 10 years of global efforts to eliminate LF: where are we? J Lymphoedema. 2010;5(1):119-22. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Narrative review | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Bollinger A, Amann-Vesti BR. Fluorescence microlymphography: diagnostic potential in lymphedema and basis for the measurement of lymphatic pressure and flow velocity. Lymphology. 2007;40(2):52-62. PMID 17853615. | Narrative review | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Bollinger A, Isenring G, Franzeck UK, Brunner U. Aplasia of superficial lymphatic capillaries in hereditary and connatal lymphedema (Milroy's disease). Lymphology. 1983;16(1):27-30. PMID 6843174. | Case report | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Bollinger A, Isenring G, Franzeck UK. Lymphatic microangiopathy: a complication of severe chronic venous incompetence (CVI). Lymphology. 1982;15(2):60-5. PMID 7109680. | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
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| Boris M, Weindorf S, Lasinski BB. The risk of genital edema after external pump compression for lower limb lymphedema. Lymphology. 1998;31(1):15-20. PMID 9561507. | Cohort study | GRADE ⊕⊕◯◯ Low | Context |
| Borman P, Mestre S, Cakit BD, Giordana P, Atar B, Vernhet E, et al. Night-time compression with a Mobiderm auto-adjustable arm-sleeve in addition to daytime compression was superior to daytime compression alone for maintenance therapy of upper limb lymphedema in breast cancer patients in a randomized controlled trial: LYMphoNIGHT study. Support Care Cancer. 2026;34(6):512. doi:10.1007/s00520-026-10735-6 PMID 42091704. | Randomised trial | GRADE ⊕⊕◯◯ Low | Supports |
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| Bourgeois P, Roman MM, Karler C, Del Marmol V. Does ICG have time-dependent effects on the lymphatic system in women after breast cancer surgery? Lymphology. 2025;58(2):66-76. PMID 40803042. | Primary study | GRADE ⊕◯◯◯ Very low | Context |
| Bowman CA, Witte MH, Witte CL, Way DL, Nagle RB, Copeland JG, et al. Cystic hygroma reconsidered: hamartoma or neoplasm? Primary culture of an endothelial cell line from a massive cervicomediastinal hygroma with bony lymphangiomatosis. Lymphology. 1984;17(1):15-22. PMID 6425572. | Case report | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Boyages J, Vicini FA, Manavi BA, Gaw RL, Koelmeyer LA, Ridner SH, et al. Axillary treatment and chronic breast cancer-related lymphedema: implications for prospective surveillance and intervention from a randomized controlled trial. JCO Oncol Pract. 2023;19(12):1116-24. doi:10.1200/OP.23.00060 PMID 37816208. | Primary study | GRADE ⊕⊕⊕◯ Moderate | Context |
| Boyages J, Vicini FA, Shah C, Koelmeyer LA, Nelms JA, Ridner SH. The risk of subclinical breast cancer-related lymphedema by the extent of axillary surgery and regional node irradiation: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2021;109(4):987-97. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.10.024 PMID 33127493. | Primary study | GRADE ⊕⊕◯◯ Low | Context |
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| Brorson H, Ohlin K, Olsson G, Svensson B, Svensson H. Controlled compression and liposuction treatment for lower extremity lymphedema. Lymphology. 2008;41(2):52-63. PMID 18720912. | Case report | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Brorson H, Ohlin K, Svensson B. The facts about liposuction as a treatment for lymphoedema. J Lymphoedema. 2008;3(1):38-47. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Narrative review | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Brorson H, Svensson H, Norrgren K, Thorsson O. Liposuction reduces arm lymphedema without significantly altering the already impaired lymph transport. Lymphology. 1998;31(4):156-72. PMID 9949387. | Primary study | Evidence level 3 (OCEBM) | Supports |
| Brorson H, Svensson H. Skin blood flow of the lymphedematous arm before and after liposuction. Lymphology. 1997;30(4):165-72. PMID 9476248. | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
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| Brown M, Lee TS, Li I, Allan C. Minimizing early-onset lymphedema following groin dissection in metastatic melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol. 2026;33(7):6737-45. doi:10.1245/s10434-026-19559-4 PMID 41973292. | Randomised trial | GRADE ⊕◯◯◯ Very low | Challenges |
| Bruna J. Types of collateral lymphatic circulation. Lymphology. 1974;7(2):61-8. PMID 4842942. | Narrative review | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
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| Bundy JJ, Chick JF, Jiao A, Cline MR, Srinivasa RN, Khayat M, et al. Percutaneous fluoroscopically-guided transcervical retrograde access facilitates successful thoracic duct embolization after failed antegrade transabdominal access. Lymphology. 2019;52(2):52-60. PMID 31525826. | Case report | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
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| Campanholi LL, Duprat JP, Fregnani JHTG. Incidence of LE due to treating cutaneous melanoma. J Lymphoedema. 2011;6(1):30-4. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Primary study | GRADE ⊕⊕◯◯ Low | Context |
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| Campisi CC, Parodi E, Demoro A, Risso R, Brinda WD, Campisi C. Addition of intermittent pneumatic compression to conventional treatment improves volume reduction before lymphatic surgery for lymphedema. Lymphology. 2023;56(2):72-81. PMID 38621385. | Randomised trial | GRADE ⊕◯◯◯ Very low | Supports |
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| Canadian Lymphedema Framework. Lymphedema & chronic edema management micro course [advertisement]. Wound Care Canada. 2023;21(1):22. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Advertisement | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
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| Casley-Smith JR, Casley-Smith JR. The pathophysiology of lymphedema and the action of benzo-pyrones in reducing it. Lymphology. 1988;21(3):190-4. PMID 3059075. | Narrative review | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Casley-Smith JR, Casley-Smith JR. Treatment of lymphedema by complex physical therapy, with and without oral and topical benzopyrones: what should therapists and patients expect. Lymphology. 1996;29(2):76-82. PMID 8823730. | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Casley-Smith JR, Földi M, Ryan TJ, Witte MH, Witte CL, Cluzan R, et al. Lymphedema. Summary of the 10th International Congress of Lymphology working group discussions and recommendations, Adelaide, Australia, August 10-17, 1985. Lymphology. 1985;18(4):175-80. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Guideline or consensus | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Casley-Smith JR. A case of localised traumatic lymphoedema: observations concerning the obstruction of initial lymphatics. Lymphology. 1983;16(3):143-9. PMID 6632963. | Case report | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Casley-Smith JR. A tissue tonometer for use in the field. Lymphology. 1985;18(4):192-4. PMID 3835411. | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Casley-Smith JR. Alterations of untreated lymphedema and it's grades over time. Lymphology. 1995;28(4):174-85. PMID 8771010. | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
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| Chan EJ. Living with lymphoedema after treatment for breast and gynaecological cancers in Singapore. J Lymphoedema. 2018;13(1):29-33. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
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| Chang TS, Gan JL, Fu KD, Huang WY. The use of 5,6 benzo-[alpha]-pyrone (coumarin) and heating by microwaves in the treatment of chronic lymphedema of the legs. Lymphology. 1996;29(3):106-11. PMID 8897354. | Randomised trial | GRADE ⊕⊕◯◯ Low | Supports |
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| Chen S, Wu S, Chen Y, Tan W. Progressive resistance exercise for preventing breast cancer-related lymphedema after breast cancer surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biomol Biomed. 2026. doi:10.17305/bb.2026.14006. PMID 42360033. | Systematic review | GRADE ⊕⊕⊕◯ Moderate | Supports |
| Chen SL, Shah C, Boyages J, Koelmeyer L, Vicini FA, Ridner SH. The importance of a pre-treatment baseline when screening patients for breast-cancer-related lymphedema. Ann Surg Oncol. 2025;32(11):8390-7. doi:10.1245/s10434-025-17854-0 PMID 40699530. | Primary study | GRADE ⊕⊕◯◯ Low | Context |
| Chen WF, Pandey SK, Lensing JN. Does liposuction for lymphedema worsen lymphatic injury? Lymphology. 2023;56(1):3-12. PMID 38019875. | Primary study | GRADE ⊕◯◯◯ Very low | Context |
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| Cheng MH, Chang DW, Patel KM, editors. Principles and practice of lymphedema surgery. Edinburgh: Elsevier; 2016. | Textbook | Not graded | Context |
| Cheng MH, Chen SC, Henry SL, Tan BK, Chia-Yu Lin M, Huang JJ. Vascularized groin lymph node flap transfer for postmastectomy upper limb lymphedema: flap anatomy, recipient sites, and outcomes. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2013;131(6):1286-98. doi:10.1097/PRS.0b013e31828bd3b3 PMID 23714790. | Primary study | GRADE ⊕◯◯◯ Very low | Supports |
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| da Costa Vieira RA, de Araujo Silva I, de Oliveira-Junior I, de Almeida Santos Yamashita ME, da Silva SRM. Unsuspected Stewart-Treves syndrome clinically mimicked by apparent bullous erysipelas and a systematic review of dermatological presentations of the classical Stewart-Treves syndrome. Cancer Rep (Hoboken). 2019;2(2):e1143. doi:10.1002/cnr2.1143 PMID 32721135. | Case report | GRADE ⊕◯◯◯ Very low | Context |
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| Executive Committee. The diagnosis and treatment of peripheral lymphedema: 2016 consensus document of the International Society of Lymphology. Lymphology. 2016;49(4):170-84. PMID 29908550. | Guideline or consensus | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
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| Fife CE, Maus EA, Carter MJ. Lipedema: a frequently misdiagnosed and misunderstood fatty deposition syndrome. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2010;23(2):81-92. doi:10.1097/01.ASW.0000363503.92360.91 PMID 20087075. | Narrative review | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
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| Hafner E, Fuchs WA, Kuffer F. Lymphangiography in lymphangiomatosis of bone. Lymphology. 1972;5(4):129-31. PMID 4647278. | Case report | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Haghighat S, Lotfi-Tokaldany M, Maboudi AA, Karami M, Bahadori A, Weiss J. Predictive factors of response to phase I complete decongestive therapy in upper extremity lymphedema following breast carcinoma in Iran. Lymphology. 2013;46(2):97-104. PMID 24354108. | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
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| Hahn BA, Kleeven A, Richir MC, Witkamp AJ, Kuijpers AMJ, de Jong T, et al. Objectifying clinical outcomes after lymphaticovenous anastomosis and vascularized lymph node transfer in the treatment of extremity lymphedema: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Microsurgery. 2025;45(3):e70050. doi:10.1002/micr.70050 PMID 40066947. | Systematic review | GRADE ⊕◯◯◯ Very low | Context |
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| Harder Y, Hirche C, Hamdi M, Seidenstücker K, editors. Modern surgical management of chronic lymphedema. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2024. | Textbook | Not graded | Context |
| Harris C, Rabley-Koch CA, Ramage D, Cattryse R. Debilitating chronic veno-lymphoedema: using a muscle pump activator medical device to heal wounds and improve skin integrity. J Lymphoedema. 2019;14(1):50-3. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Case report | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Harvie M, Livingstone K, McMullan D, Pegington M, Lombardelli C, Adams J, et al. BE-WEL trial (breast: evaluation of weight and exercise for lymphoedema) testing weight control and exercise programmes for women with breast cancer related lymphoedema: a feasibility trial. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2024;207(1):203-12. doi:10.1007/s10549-024-07356-0 PMID 38758461. | Randomised trial | GRADE ⊕◯◯◯ Very low | Context |
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| Heimpel H, Bierich JR, Herrmann JM, Meister H, Vollmar J. Dysplasia of the lymphatics with lymphoedema, generalized lymphangiectasis, chylothorax and \"pseudo-storage-disease\". Lymphology. 1979;12(4):228-40. PMID 529825. | Case report | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
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| Hemati M, Khademian Z, Rivaz M, Tahmasebi S. Impact of a self management mobile application on quality of life and limb circumference in women with breast cancer related lymphedema. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):30172. doi:10.1038/s41598-025-15725-y PMID 40826265. | Randomised trial | GRADE ⊕⊕◯◯ Low | Supports |
| Hemmati M, Rojhani-Shirazi Z, Zakeri ZS, Akrami M, Salehi Dehno N. The effect of the combined use of complex decongestive therapy with electrotherapy modalities for the treatment of breast cancer-related lymphedema: a randomized clinical trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2022;23(1):837. doi:10.1186/s12891-022-05780-1 PMID 36057658. | Randomised trial | GRADE ⊕◯◯◯ Very low | Supports |
| Herrero-Manley LM, Alabajos-Cea A, Forner-Cordero I, Viosca-Herrero E, García-Malpartida K. Chylous ascites, genital and lower-limb lymphoedema: a case report. J Lymphoedema. 2020;15(1):84-6. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Case report | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
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| Hilder KR, Shafi S, Munro KJG. A case of lower leg amputation: a sequelae of lymphoedema compression garment complication during the Covid-19 pandemic. J Lymphoedema. 2024;19(1):18-21. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Case report | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
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| Hsu CK, Hsu FY. Preliminary experience of reverse lymphatic mapping technique using indocyanine green dye lymphangiography and patent blue dye in melanoma patients undergoing sentinel lymph node biopsies: a case series. S Afr J Surg. 2025;63(4):270-2. doi:10.36303/SAJS.02845 PMID 41776785. | Primary study | GRADE ⊕◯◯◯ Very low | Context |
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| Japan Lymphoedema Study Group. A practice guideline for the management of lymphoedema. J Lymphoedema. 2011;6(2):60-71. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Guideline or consensus | Guideline quality 3/7 | Context |
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| Kean J, Hough M, Stevenson JH. Skin excision and groin lymphadenectomy: techniques and outcomes. Lymphology. 2006;39(3):141-6. PMID 17036635. | Primary study | Evidence level 3 (OCEBM) | Context |
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| Keast D. Chronic edema/lymphedema: the hidden epidemic. Wound Care Canada. 2014;12(2):28-31. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Magazine article | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Keast DH, Kuhnke JL, Somayaji R, Parsons L, Wang J, Evans R, et al. Best practice recommendations for the prevention and management of wounds related to lower limb lymphedema. In: Kuhnke JL, Burrows CA, Evans RM, Orsted HL, Rosenthal S, editors. Best practice recommendations for skin health and wound management 2025. Toronto (ON): Wounds Canada; 2025. doi:10.56885/ZIRU3852 | Guideline or consensus | Guideline quality 4/7 | Context |
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| Keeley V, Crooks S, Locke J, Veigas D, Riches K, Hilliam R. A quality of life measure for limb lymphoedema (LYMQOL). J Lymphoedema. 2010;5(1):26-37. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Primary study | GRADE ⊕⊕⊕◯ Moderate | Context |
| Keeley V, Riches K, Ward L, Franks PJ. A prospective preliminary study examining the physiological impact of pneumatic compression dosing in the treatment of lower extremity lymphedema. Lymphat Res Biol. 2023;21(5):456-62. doi:10.1089/lrb.2022.0087 PMID 37140559. | Randomised trial | GRADE ⊕◯◯◯ Very low | Context |
| Keeley V, Riches K. Cellulitis treatment for people with lymphoedema: UK audit. J Lymphoedema. 2009;4(2):17-28. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Keeley V. Drugs that may exacerbate and those used to treat lymphoedema. J Lymphoedema. 2008;3(1):57-65. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Narrative review | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Keeley V. The use of lymphoscintigraphy in the management of chronic oedema. J Lymphoedema. 2006;1(1):42-57. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Narrative review | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Ketterings C, Zeddeman S. Use of the C-scan in evaluation of peripheral lymphedema. Lymphology. 1997;30(2):49-62. PMID 9215975. | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
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| Khutjwe JV, Maree JE, Mafutha NG. The incidence and effects of lower-limb lymphoedema in women treated with radiotherapy for gynaecological cancer in South Africa. J Lymphoedema. 2020;15(1):54-9. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Primary study | GRADE ⊕◯◯◯ Very low | Context |
| Kim C, Ali H, Tsai LL, Bulman J, Singhal D, Carroll B, et al. Comparative study of central intranodal lymphangiography patterns between patients with primary lymphoedema and patients with lymphatic leak. J Lymphoedema. 2024;19(1):47-52. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Diagnostic or measurement study | GRADE ⊕◯◯◯ Very low | Context |
| Kim DI, Huh S, Hwang JH, Kim YI, Lee BB. Venous dynamics in leg lymphedema. Lymphology. 1999;32(1):11-4. PMID 10197322. | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Kim DI, Huh S, Lee SJ, Hwang JH, Kim YI, Lee BB. Excision of subcutaneous tissue and deep muscle fascia for advanced lymphedema. Lymphology. 1998;31(4):190-4. PMID 9949391. | Case report | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Kim J, Lim SY. Compound heterozygosity for a variably penetrant variant and a variant of unknown significance in FLT4 causes fully penetrant Milroy disease. Lymphology. 2022;55(2):41-6. PMID 36170577. | Case report | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Kim JK, Loo C, Kim JS, Pranskevich C, Gordon OK. Can acupuncture be a part of the treatment for breast cancer-related lymphedema? A systematic review of the safety and proposed model for care. Lymphology. 2023;56(1):27-39. PMID 38019877. | Systematic review | GRADE ⊕⊕◯◯ Low | Context |
| Kim SJ, Yi CH, Kwon OY. Effect of complex decongestive therapy on edema and the quality of life in breast cancer patients with unilateral lymphedema. Lymphology. 2007;40(3):143-51. PMID 18062617. | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Kim W, Chung SG, Kim TW, Seo KS. Measurement of soft tissue compliance with pressure using ultrasonography. Lymphology. 2008;41(4):167-77. PMID 19306663. | Primary study | Evidence level 3 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Kim Y, Park EY, Lee H. The effect of myofascial release in patients with breast cancer-related lymphedema: a cross-over randomized controlled trial. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2023;59(1):85-93. doi:10.23736/S1973-9087.22.07698-5 PMID 36637800. | Randomised trial | GRADE ⊕⊕◯◯ Low | Challenges |
| Kim YH, Choi JY, Kim YW, Kim DI, Do YS, Hwang JH, et al. Characterization of congenital vascular malformation in the extremities using whole body blood pool scintigraphy and lymphscintigraphy. Lymphology. 2009;42(2):77-84. PMID 19725272. | Diagnostic or measurement study | Evidence level 3 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Kinmonth JB, Patrick JH, Chilvers AS. Comments on operations for lower limb lymphoedema. Lymphology. 1975;8(2):56-61. PMID 1099339. | Case report | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Kleeven A, Jonis YMJ, Currie O, Wolfs J, Kimman M, Tielemans H, et al. Economic evaluation of lymphaticovenous anastomosis versus conservative therapy for breast cancer-related lymphoedema: secondary outcome analysis of a randomized clinical trial. Br J Surg. 2026;113(6):znag062. doi:10.1093/bjs/znag062 PMID 42161329. | Randomised trial | GRADE ⊕⊕◯◯ Low | Challenges |
| Klernäs P, Kristjanson LJ, Johansson K. Assessment of quality of life in lymphedema patients: validity and reliability of the Swedish version of the Lymphedema Quality of Life Inventory (LQOLI). Lymphology. 2010;43(3):135-45. PMID 21226416. | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
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| Koehler LA, Hunter DW, Haddad TC, Blaes AH, Hirsch AT, Ludewig PM. Characterizing axillary web syndrome: ultrasonographic efficacy. Lymphology. 2014;47(4):156-63. PMID 25915976. | Primary study | Evidence level 3 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Koehler LA, Hunter DW. Lymphspiration: the axillary web and its lymphatic origin. Lymphology. 2016;49(4):185-91. PMID 29908551. | Narrative review | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Koehler PR. Injuries and complications of the lymphatic system following renal transplantation. Lymphology. 1972;5(2):61-7. PMID 4558975. | Case report | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Koelmeyer LA, Gaitatzis K, Dietrich MS, Shah CS, Boyages J, McLaughlin SA, et al. Risk factors for breast cancer-related lymphedema in patients undergoing 3 years of prospective surveillance with intervention. Cancer. 2022;128(18):3408-15. doi:10.1002/cncr.34377 PMID 35797441. | Primary study | GRADE ⊕⊕⊕◯ Moderate | Context |
| Koelmeyer LA, Sherman KA, Boyages J, Dean CM. Understanding home monitoring and self-management in breast cancer-related lymphoedema: a qualitative study. J Lymphoedema. 2021;16(1):54-61. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Koga S, Arakaki Y, Matsuoka M, Ohyama C. Remission of filarial chyluria after treatment of coexistent conditions. Lymphology. 1990;23(3):164-6. PMID 2250487. | Primary study | GRADE ⊕◯◯◯ Very low | Context |
| Koike T, Yabuki Y, Miki N, Yamamoto Y, Kokubo K, Kitayama S, et al. Visualization of lower extremity lymphedema in the same cohort using 99mTc-human serum albumin and 99mTc-phytate lymphoscintigraphy with SPECT-CT. Lymphology. 2022;55(1):1-9. PMID 35896110. | Diagnostic or measurement study | GRADE ⊕⊕◯◯ Low | Context |
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| Kong X, Du J, Du X, Cong X, Zhao Q. A meta-analysis of 37 studies on the effectiveness of microsurgical techniques for lymphedema. Ann Vasc Surg. 2022;86:440-51.e6. doi:10.1016/j.avsg.2022.04.038 PMID 35589027. | Systematic review | GRADE ⊕◯◯◯ Very low | Supports |
| Korsholm-Rosfort T, Larsen S, Aagaard T, Ammitzbøll G, Dalton SO. Interrater reliability of dynamic muscle testing after breast cancer surgery in women at high risk of lymphedema: to improve quality in clinical practice. Integr Cancer Ther. 2020;19:1534735420903801. doi:10.1177/1534735420903801 PMID 32108545. | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Koshima I, Nanba Y, Tsutsui T, Takahashi Y, Itoh S, Fujitsu M. Minimal invasive lymphaticovenular anastomosis under local anesthesia for leg lymphedema: is it effective for stage III and IV? Ann Plast Surg. 2004;53(3):261-6. doi:10.1097/01.sap.0000120319.89926.07 PMID 15480014. | Primary study | GRADE ⊕◯◯◯ Very low | Context |
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| Koshima I, Yoshida S, Nagamatsu S, Yokota K, Mizuta H, Harima M, et al. Effect of pregnancy on lower limb lymphedema in patients treated with multisite lymphaticovenular anastomoses (MLVAS). Lymphology. 2019;52(4):187-93. PMID 32171185. | Case report | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Kozak AT, Isbell L, Metzer M, Peddycord M. Living with lymphoedema and obesity: implications for training, communication, and management considerations. J Lymphoedema. 2020;15(1):60-4. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Kozáčiková R, Veselenyiova D, Gelanová V, Belanová I, Bonetti G, Kaftalli J, et al. Genetic study of HGF-MET signaling pathway in primary lymphedema patients: supporting evidence for loss of function variants in HGF. Lymphology. 2024;57(4):198-210. PMID 40245437. | Primary study | Evidence level 3 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Kretschmer L, Hellriegel S, Thoms KM, Schön MP, Al Ghazal P, Zapf A. The volume of postoperative drainage fluid as a potential early predictor of lymphedema after lymph node excision for metastatic melanoma. Lymphology. 2017;50(3):120-30. PMID 30234248. | Primary study | GRADE ⊕⊕◯◯ Low | Context |
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| Kruger N. Improving patient outcomes: decorative tattoos, breast cancer and lymphoedema. J Lymphoedema. 2018;13(1):8-11. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Narrative review | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Kruppa P, Georgiou I, Biermann N, Prantl L, Klein-Weigel P, Ghods M. Lipedema-pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment options. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2020;117(22-23):396-403. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2020.0396 PMID 32762835. | Narrative review | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Kumar KL, Manokaran G. Genital lymphedema: a new technique of correction surgery. Lymphology. 2015;48(3):153-6. PMID 26939162. | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Kumar M, Kumar S, Sambyal S, Raj M, Monga S. Low-intensity resistance training versus manual lymphatic drainage: effect on upper limb volume, upper limb function, and shoulder pain in subjects with post-mastectomy lymphedema. Indian J Cancer. 2026;63(1):28-34. doi:10.4103/ijc.ijc_91_25 PMID 42301656. | Randomised trial | GRADE ⊕◯◯◯ Very low | Supports |
| Kumar SIS, Sousa BA, de Luna Barros MM, Katta T, Garcia J, Moreira A, et al. Quality-of-life impact of lymphovenous anastomosis in breast cancer-related lymphedema: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2026;117:146-59. doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2026.03.046 PMID 42054984. | Systematic review | GRADE ⊕⊕◯◯ Low | Context |
| Kung TA, Champaneria MC, Maki JH, Neligan PC. Current concepts in the surgical management of lymphedema. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;139(4):1003e-13e. doi:10.1097/PRS.0000000000003218 PMID 28350684. | Narrative review | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Kuo PH, Barber BJ, Kylat RI, Klewer SE, Behan S, Lau-Braunhut S, et al. Whole-body lymphangioscintigraphy and SPECT/CT in children with lymphatic complications after surgery for complex congenital heart disease. Lymphology. 2019;52(4):157-65. PMID 32171182. | Diagnostic or measurement study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Lacroix HR, Gruwez JA, Casteels-Van Daele MC, Dequeker J. Lymphedema of the leg associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Lymphology. 1991;24(2):68-70. PMID 1921478. | Case report | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Lafuente H, Jaunarena I, Ansuategui E, Lekuona A, Izeta A. Cell therapy as a treatment of secondary lymphedema: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2021;12(1):578. doi:10.1186/s13287-021-02632-y PMID 34801084. | Systematic review | GRADE ⊕◯◯◯ Very low | Context |
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| Latchford S, Casley-Smith JR. Estimating limb volumes and alterations in peripheral edema from circumferences measured at different intervals. Lymphology. 1997;30(4):161-4. PMID 9476247. | Narrative review | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Laustsen-Kiel CM, Hansen L, Ørholt M, Zhang SM, Krezdorn N, Vester-Glowinski PV, et al. The impact of breast reconstruction compared with no reconstruction on breast cancer-related lymphedema: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Surgery. 2025;187:109649. doi:10.1016/j.surg.2025.109649 PMID 40953534. | Systematic review | GRADE ⊕⊕◯◯ Low | Context |
| Lawin K. Lymphoedema medical and surgical camp report: addressing neglected tropical diseases in Uganda. J Lymphoedema. 2025;20(1):44-8. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Primary study | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Lawrance S. Use of a Velcro wrap system in the management of lower limb lymphoedema/chronic oedema. J Lymphoedema. 2008;3(2):65-70. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Case report | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
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| Leduc O, Fumière E, Banse S, Vandervorst C, Clément A, Parijs T, et al. Identification and description of the axillary web syndrome (AWS) by clinical signs, MRI and US imaging. Lymphology. 2014;47(4):164-76. PMID 25915977. | Primary study | Evidence level 3 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Leduc O, Sichere M, Moreau A, Rigolet J, Tinlot A, Darc S, et al. Axillary web syndrome: nature and localization. Lymphology. 2009;42(4):176-81. PMID 20218085. | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Lee BB, Bergan JJ. New clinical and laboratory staging systems to improve management of chronic lymphedema. Lymphology. 2005;38(3):122-9. PMID 16353489. | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Lee BB, Rockson SG, Bergan J, editors. Lymphedema: a concise compendium of theory and practice. 2nd ed. Cham: Springer; 2018. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-52423-8 | Textbook | Not graded | Context |
| Lee CJ, Hong ES, Rhee DJ, Choi D. Lymphovenous anastomosis: microsurgical innovation and clinical outcomes in breast cancer-related lymphedema care. Front Surg. 2025;12:1731257. doi:10.3389/fsurg.2025.1731257 PMID 41602929. | Narrative review | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Lee D, Piller N, Hoffner M, Manjer J, Brorson H. Liposuction of postmastectomy arm lymphedema decreases the incidence of erysipelas. Lymphology. 2016;49(2):85-92. PMID 29906366. | Cohort study | GRADE ⊕◯◯◯ Very low | Context |
| Lee M, Perry L, Granzow J. Suction assisted protein lipectomy (SAPL) even for the treatment of chronic fibrotic and scarified lower extremity lymphedema. Lymphology. 2016;49(1):36-41. PMID 29906063. | Case report | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Lee N, Wigg J, Carroll JD. The use of low level light therapy in the treatment of head and neck oedema. J Lymphoedema. 2013;8(1):35-42. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Manufacturer material | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Lee S, Lee B, Kim Y, Min S, Yang E, Lee S. Effects of sodium selenite injection on serum metabolic profiles in women diagnosed with breast cancer-related lymphedema—secondary analysis of a randomized placebo-controlled trial using global metabolomics. Nutrients. 2021;13(9):3253. doi:10.3390/nu13093253 PMID 34579131. | Randomised trial | GRADE ⊕◯◯◯ Very low | Context |
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| Lemcke J, Starkey N, Lindsay D, Pain T. Patient recall and retention of lymphoedema-linked education knowledge following breast cancer surgery in Australia. J Lymphoedema. 2022;17(1):24-8. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Lette J, Lette F, Fraser S. Home volumetry foretells a new era of self-management for patients with lymphedema after breast cancer. Lymphology. 2007;40(4):185-7. PMID 18365533. | Case report | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Li MX, Zhang J, Howard MA, Teven CM. Efficacy of immediate lymphatic reconstruction in prevention of breast cancer-related lymphedema: a meta-analysis. Microsurgery. 2025;45(6):e70109. doi:10.1002/micr.70109 PMID 40862309. | Systematic review | GRADE ⊕⊕◯◯ Low | Supports |
| Liang M, Chen Q, Peng K, Deng L, He L, Hou Y, et al. Manual lymphatic drainage for lymphedema in patients after breast cancer surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020;99(49):e23192. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000023192 PMID 33285693. | Systematic review | GRADE ⊕⊕◯◯ Low | Challenges |
| Lim CY, Seo HG, Kim K, Chung SG, Seo KS. Measurement of lymphedema using ultrasonography with the compression method. Lymphology. 2011;44(2):72-81. PMID 21949976. | Diagnostic or measurement study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Lin CH, Ali R, Chen SC, Wallace C, Chang YC, Chen HC, et al. Vascularized groin lymph node transfer using the wrist as a recipient site for management of postmastectomy upper extremity lymphedema. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009;123(4):1265-75. doi:10.1097/PRS.0b013e31819e6529 PMID 19337095. | Primary study | GRADE ⊕◯◯◯ Very low | Context |
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| Liu F, Liu NF, Wang L, Chen J, Han L, Yu Z, et al. Treatment of secondary lower limb lymphedema after gynecologic cancer with complex decongestive therapy. Lymphology. 2021;54(3):122-32. PMID 34929073. | Primary study | GRADE ⊕◯◯◯ Very low | Context |
| Liu N, editor. Peripheral lymphedema: pathophysiology, modern diagnosis and management. Singapore: Springer; 2021. doi:10.1007/978-981-16-3484-0 | Textbook | Not graded | Context |
| Liu NF, Gao MZ, Maltese PE, Bertelli M. An updated classification of primary lymphedema based on age of onset, lymphatic anomalies, and genetics. Lymphology. 2023;56(3):99-109. PMID 38896493. | Primary study | GRADE ⊕⊕◯◯ Low | Context |
| Liu NF, Lu Q, Wang CG, Zhou JG. Magnetic resonance imaging as a new method to diagnose protein losing enteropathy. Lymphology. 2008;41(3):111-5. PMID 19013878. | Case report | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Liu NF, Olszewski W. The influence of local hyperthermia on lymphedema and lymphedematous skin of the human leg. Lymphology. 1993;26(1):28-37. PMID 8464223. | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Liu NF, Olszewski W. Use of tonometry to assess lower extremity lymphedema. Lymphology. 1992;25(4):155-8. PMID 1293430. | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Liu NF, Wang CG. The role of magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosis of peripheral lymphatic disorders. Lymphology. 1998;31(3):119-27. PMID 9793922. | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Liu NF, Yan ZX, Wu XF, Luo Y. Magnetic resonance lymphography demonstrates spontaneous lymphatic disruption and regeneration in obstructive lymphedema. Lymphology. 2013;46(2):56-63. PMID 24354104. | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
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| Liu NF, Zhang LR. Changes of tissue fluid hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid) in peripheral lymphedema. Lymphology. 1998;31(4):173-9. PMID 9949388. | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Lockwood K, Benson M, Cooke C. Obesity-related lymphoedema and hospice charities: considerations for the future. J Lymphoedema. 2012;7(2):46-8. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Narrative review | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Lommer C, Schroeder L, Amato C, Dhakal K, Kotian C, Quiroga D, et al. Pharmacotherapy agents in prevention and treatment of breast cancer-related lymphedema: a systematic scoping review. Front Oncol. 2026;16:1751628. doi:10.3389/fonc.2026.1751628 PMID 41858365. | Systematic review | Evidence level 3 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Lorimer WS, Glassford DM, Sarles HE, Remmers AR Jr, Fish JC. Lymphocele: a significant complication following renal transplantation. Lymphology. 1975;8(1):20-3. PMID 1097842. | Case report | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Loudon A, Barnett T, Piller N, Williams A, Immink M. Using yoga in breast cancer-related lymphoedema. J Lymphoedema. 2012;7(1):27-36. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Narrative review | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Louys M, Mathieu M, Harnie S, Adriaenssens N. Validation of a new measurement device (PeriKit) for perimetry and volumetry of the lower limb: metrological and intra-observer comparative study. Lymphology. 2024;57(3):116-31. PMID 39874049. | Diagnostic or measurement study | GRADE ⊕⊕◯◯ Low | Context |
| Lund E, Turner J. Retrospective audit of a prevention clinic for BCRL. J Lymphoedema. 2011;6(1):17-21. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Lymphoedema Framework. Best practice for the management of lymphoedema. International consensus. London: MEP Ltd; 2006. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Guideline or consensus | Guideline quality 4/7 | Context |
| Lymphoedema Framework. Template for management: developing a lymphoedema service. London: MEP Ltd; 2007. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Guideline or consensus | Guideline quality 3/7 | Context |
| Lymphoedema Framework. Template for practice: compression hosiery in lymphoedema. London: MEP Ltd; 2006. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Guideline or consensus | Guideline quality 3/7 | Context |
| López-Mendoza J, Alvarado-Fernández LM. Human adjuvant disease secondary to foreign substance injections as a cause of secondary lower extremity lymphedema. Lymphology. 2021;54(4):195-203. PMID 35073623. | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Lüchinger JE, Pavicic E, Giachino CL, Stute P. Impact of hormones on lipedema development: a systematic literature review. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2026;313(1):60. doi:10.1007/s00404-026-08318-1 PMID 41575573. | Systematic review | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Maccio A, Quattro M, Biava L, Palmero C, Galli T, Caruso S. Lymphangiosarcoma, a rare complication of lymphostasis: an observational study on the role of the physiotherapist in early recognition and medical referral. Lymphology. 2025;58(1):34-41. PMID 40358374. | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Maclellan RA, Greene AK. Lymphedema. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2014;23(4):191-7. doi:10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2014.07.004 PMID 25241097. | Narrative review | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Mahamaneerat WK, Shyu CR, Stewart BR, Armer JM. Breast cancer treatment, BMI, post-op swelling/lymphoedema. J Lymphoedema. 2008;3(2):38-44. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Maher J. Factors precipitating an episode of lymphatic swelling. J Lymphoedema. 2008;3(2):32-6. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Mahmood D, Ahmad A, Sharif F, Arslan SA. Clinical application of low-level laser therapy (photo-biomodulation therapy) in the management of breast cancer-related lymphedema: a systematic review. BMC Cancer. 2022;22(1):937. doi:10.1186/s12885-022-10021-8 PMID 36042421. | Systematic review | GRADE ⊕⊕◯◯ Low | Supports |
| Maingi S, O'Malley EM. Impact of text reminders on pneumatic compression device (PCD) compliance in patients with breast cancer-related lymphedema. Support Care Cancer. 2023;32(1):33. doi:10.1007/s00520-023-08246-9 PMID 38102530. | Randomised trial | GRADE ⊕⊕◯◯ Low | Challenges |
| Majdalany BS, Khayat M, Sanogo ML, Saad WE, Khaja MS. Direct trans-cervical endolymphatic thoracic duct stent-graft for plastic bronchitis. Lymphology. 2018;51(3):97-101. PMID 30422431. | Case report | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Malecela MN, Lazarus W, Mwingira U, Mwakitalu E, Makene C, Kabali C, et al. Eliminating LF: a progress report from Tanzania. J Lymphoedema. 2009;4(1):10-2. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Narrative review | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Mangion A, Quach H, Piller N. An innovative approach of Fast'n Go for lymphoedema self-care. J Lymphoedema. 2024;19(1):28-9. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Manufacturer material | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Marco CM, Pillay R, Schoonheim C. The management of breast cancer-related lymphoedema. S Afr Med J. 2014;104(5):382. doi:10.7196/SAMJ.8251 PMID 25295331. | Narrative review | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Marotel M, Cluzan R, Ghabboun S, Pascot M, Alliot F, Lasry JL. Transaxial computer tomography of lower extremity lymphedema. Lymphology. 1998;31(4):180-5. PMID 9949389. | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Marotta N, Lippi L, Ammendolia V, Calafiore D, Inzitari MT, Pinto M, et al. Efficacy of kinesio taping on upper limb volume reduction in patients with breast cancer-related lymphedema: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2023;59(2):237-47. doi:10.23736/S1973-9087.23.07752-3 PMID 36847633. | Systematic review | GRADE ⊕⊕◯◯ Low | Challenges |
| Martin KP, Földi E. Are hemodynamic factors important in arm lymphedema after treatment of breast cancer? Lymphology. 1996;29(4):155-7. PMID 9013466. | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Martin L. Lymphoedema associated with sirolimus treatment. J Lymphoedema. 2012;7(1):11-5. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Narrative review | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Masia J, Olivares L, Koshima I, Teo TC, Suominen S, Van Landuyt K, et al. Barcelona consensus on supermicrosurgery. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2014;30(1):53-8. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1354742 PMID 24037459. | Narrative review | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Mason VL, Upton D, White R. The psychosocial impact of primary lymphoedema. J Lymphoedema. 2008;3(2):50-6. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Narrative review | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Mathivet A, Bertrand M, Bernard de Courvile S, Prudhomme M, Quere I, Frandon J. Tyrosine-kinase-inhibitor-induced peno-scrotal lymphedema and functional issues of the lymphatic pathways: a case report and comprehensive literature review. Lymphology. 2025;58(4):165-74. PMID 41926932. | Case report | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Matthews M, Gordon S, Witt S, Piller N. Understanding normal seasonal variations in upper-limb size, volume and fluid distribution in a healthy female population: a North Queensland study. J Lymphoedema. 2021;16(1):14-8. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Mavili ME, Naldoken S, Safak T. Modified Charles operation for primary fibrosclerotic lymphedema. Lymphology. 1994;27(1):14-20. PMID 8207967. | Case report | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Mayall RC, Freitas J, Mayall AC, Mayall JC, Brandao AT, Balhau Pereira A, et al. Hyperstomy syndrome — a new approach for the treatment of lymphedema of the lower legs. Lymphology. 1981;14(4):167-72. PMID 7334833. | Case report | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Mayrovitz HN, Arzanova E, Somarriba S, Eisa S. Factors affecting interpretation of tissue dielectric constant (TDC) in assessing breast cancer treatment related lymphedema (BCRL). Lymphology. 2019;52(2):92-102. PMID 31525830. | Primary study | GRADE ⊕⊕◯◯ Low | Context |
| Mayrovitz HN, Davey S, Shapiro E. Local tissue water assessed by tissue dielectric constant: anatomical site and depth dependence in women prior to breast cancer treatment-related surgery. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2008;28(5):337-42. doi:10.1111/j.1475-097X.2008.00814.x PMID 18540873. | Primary study | GRADE ⊕⊕◯◯ Low | Context |
| Mayrovitz HN, Davey S, Shapiro E. Local tissue water changes assessed by tissue dielectric constant: single measurements versus averaging of multiple measurements. Lymphology. 2008;41(4):186-8. PMID 19306665. | Primary study | GRADE ⊕⊕◯◯ Low | Context |
| Mayrovitz HN, Davey S, Shapiro E. Localized tissue water changes accompanying one manual lymphatic drainage (MLD) therapy session assessed by changes in tissue dielectric constant in patients with lower extremity lymphedema. Lymphology. 2008;41(2):87-92. PMID 18720916. | Primary study | GRADE ⊕⊕◯◯ Low | Context |
| Mayrovitz HN, Davey S, Shapiro E. Suitability of single tissue dielectric constant measurements to assess local tissue water in normal and lymphedematous skin. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2009;29(2):123-7. doi:10.1111/j.1475-097X.2008.00844.x PMID 19076729. | Primary study | GRADE ⊕⊕◯◯ Low | Context |
| Mayrovitz HN, Davey S, Weingrad D. Pre-surgical biophysical lymphedema assessments of patients with breast cancer: potential utility of local tissue water measurements. Lymphology. 2010;43(Suppl). Proceedings of the 22nd International Congress of Lymphology; 2009 Sep 21-25; Sydney, Australia. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Conference item | Not graded | Context |
| Mayrovitz HN, Davey S. Changes in tissue water and indentation resistance of lymphedematous limbs accompanying low level laser therapy (LLLT) of fibrotic skin. Lymphology. 2011;44(4):168-77. PMID 22458118. | Primary study | GRADE ⊕◯◯◯ Very low | Context |
| Mayrovitz HN, Davey S. Skin tissue dielectric constant values in women with breast cancer: pre-surgery and one year post-surgery. Lymphology. 2012;45(Suppl):156-63. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Conference item | Not graded | Context |
| Mayrovitz HN, Humen-Davey S. Measuring sub-bandaged static and dynamic pressures [poster]. Symposium on Advanced Wound Care and Medical Forum; 2006 Apr 30-May 3; San Antonio, TX. | Humen Davey S, Mayrovitz HN. Assessment of static and dynamic arm pressures achieved with a therapeutic compression garment and a short stretch bandage [poster]. National Lymphedema Network International Meeting; 2006 Nov 1-5; Nashville, TN. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Conference item | Not graded | Context |
| Mayrovitz HN, Lorenzo-Valido C, Pieper E, Thomas A. Forearm and biceps circumferential variations in skin tissue dielectric constant and firmness. Lymphology. 2020;53(4):204-11. PMID 33721926. | Primary study | Evidence level 3 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Mayrovitz HN, Macdonald J, Davey S, Olson K, Washington E. Measurement decisions for clinical assessment of limb volume changes in patients with bilateral and unilateral limb edema. Phys Ther. 2007;87(10):1362-8. doi:10.2522/ptj.20060382 PMID 17684090. | Primary study | GRADE ⊕⊕⊕◯ Moderate | Context |
| Mayrovitz HN, Sims N, Brown-Cross D, Humen S, Cohen P, Kleinman-Barnett C. Transcutaneous oxygen tension in arms of women with unilateral postmastectomy lymphedema. Lymphology. 2005;38(2):81-6. PMID 16184817. | Primary study | GRADE ⊕⊕◯◯ Low | Context |
| Mayrovitz HN, Sims N, Hill CJ, Hernandez T, Greenshner A, Diep H. Hand volume estimates based on a geometric algorithm in comparison to water displacement. Lymphology. 2006;39(2):95-103. PMID 16910100. | Primary study | Evidence level 3 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Mayrovitz HN, Sims N, Litwin B, Pfister S. Foot volume estimates based on a geometric algorithm in comparison to water displacement. Lymphology. 2005;38(1):20-7. PMID 15856683. | Primary study | Evidence level 3 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Mayrovitz HN, Weingrad DN, Brlit F, Lopez LB, Desfor R. Tissue dielectric constant (TDC) as an index of localized arm skin water: differences between measuring probes and genders. Lymphology. 2015;48(1):15-23. PMID 26333210. | Primary study | GRADE ⊕⊕◯◯ Low | Context |
| Mayrovitz HN, Weingrad DN, Davey S. Local tissue water in at-risk and contralateral forearms of women with and without breast cancer treatment-related lymphedema. Lymphat Res Biol. 2009;7(3):153-8. doi:10.1089/lrb.2009.0008 PMID 19778203. | Diagnostic or measurement study | GRADE ⊕⊕◯◯ Low | Context |
| Mayrovitz HN, Weingrad DN, Davey S. Tissue dielectric constant (TDC) measurements as a means of characterizing localized tissue water in arms of women with and without breast cancer treatment related lymphedema. Lymphology. 2014;47(3):142-50. PMID 25420307. | Diagnostic or measurement study | GRADE ⊕⊕◯◯ Low | Context |
| Mayrovitz HN, Weingrad DN, Lopez L. Assessing localized skin-to-fat water in arms of women with breast cancer via tissue dielectric constant measurements in pre- and post-surgery patients. Ann Surg Oncol. 2015;22(5):1483-9. doi:10.1245/s10434-014-4185-5 PMID 25388057. | Diagnostic or measurement study | GRADE ⊕⊕◯◯ Low | Context |
| Mayrovitz HN, Weingrad DN, Lopez L. Tissue dielectric constant (TDC) as an index of skin water in women with and without breast cancer: upper limb assessment via a self-contained compact measurement device. Lymphology. 2016;49(1):27-35. PMID 29906062. | Primary study | GRADE ⊕⊕◯◯ Low | Context |
| Mayrovitz HN, Weingrad DN. Tissue dielectric constant ratios as a method to characterize truncal lymphedema. Lymphology. 2018;51(3):125-131. PMID 30422435. | Primary study | GRADE ⊕⊕◯◯ Low | Context |
| Mayrovitz HN, Yzer JA. Local skin cooling as an aid to the management of patients with breast cancer related lymphedema and fibrosis of the arm or breast. Lymphology. 2017;50(2):56-66. PMID 30234242. | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Mayrovitz HN. Assessing local tissue edema in postmastectomy lymphedema. Lymphology. 2007;40(2):87-94. PMID 17853619. | Diagnostic or measurement study | GRADE ⊕⊕◯◯ Low | Context |
| Mayrovitz HN. Assessing lymphedema by tissue indentation force and local tissue water. Lymphology. 2009;42(2):88-98. PMID 19725274. | Primary study | GRADE ⊕⊕◯◯ Low | Context |
| Mayrovitz HN. Assessing unilateral arm lymphedema status using interarm tissue dielectric constant ratios. Lymphology. 2026;59(1):20-26. PMID 42153876. | Primary study | GRADE ⊕⊕⊕◯ Moderate | Context |
| Mayrovitz HN. Impact of body fat and obesity on tissue dielectric constant (TDC) as a method to assess breast cancer treatment-related lymphedema (BCRL). Lymphology. 2019;52(1):18-24. PMID 31119911. | Primary study | GRADE ⊕⊕◯◯ Low | Context |
| Mayrovitz HN. Limb volume estimates based on limb elliptical vs. circular cross section models. Lymphology. 2003;36(3):140-3. PMID 14552033. | Primary study | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| McGregor H, Woodhead G, Patel M, Hennemeyer C. Thoracic duct stent-graft decompression with 3-month patency: revisiting a historical treatment option for portal hypertension. Lymphology. 2020;53(2):81-7. PMID 33190431. | Case report | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| McIntosh C, Green T. An overview of lower limb lymphoedema and diabetes. J Lymphoedema. 2009;4(1):49-58. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Narrative review | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| McKeown B. A review of the stages of venous insufficiency and clinical decision-making: a functional perspective for PT, OT and non-vascular clinicians. J Lymphoedema. 2025;20(1):55-7. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Narrative review | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| McNeely ML, Dolgoy ND, Rafn BS, Ghosh S, Ospina PA, Al Onazi MM, et al. Nighttime compression supports improved self-management of breast cancer-related lymphedema: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Cancer. 2022;128(3):587-96. doi:10.1002/cncr.33943 PMID 34614195. | Randomised trial | GRADE ⊕⊕⊕◯ Moderate | Supports |
| Mehrara BJ, Zampell JC, Suami H, Chang DW. Surgical management of lymphedema: past, present, and future. Lymphat Res Biol. 2011;9(3):159-67. doi:10.1089/lrb.2011.0011 PMID 22066746. | Narrative review | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Meier EL, Mink van der Molen DR, Lansdorp CA, Batenburg MCT, van der Leij F, Verkooijen HM, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for local late radiation toxicity in breast cancer patients: a systematic review. Breast. 2023;67:46-54. doi:10.1016/j.breast.2022.12.009 PMID 36587606. | Systematic review | GRADE ⊕◯◯◯ Very low | Context |
| Meijer RS, Rietman JS, Geertzen JH, Bosmans JC, Dijkstra PU. Validity and intra- and interobserver reliability of an indirect volume measurements in patients with upper extremity lymphedema. Lymphology. 2004;37(3):127-33. PMID 15560108. | Primary study | Evidence level 3 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Meilani E, Zanudin A, Mohd Nordin NA. Psychometric properties of quality of life questionnaires for patients with breast cancer-related lymphedema: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(5):2519. doi:10.3390/ijerph19052519 PMID 35270209. | Systematic review | GRADE ⊕⊕⊕◯ Moderate | Context |
| Melican L, Pfeffer M. Waist-to-height ratio as an alternative measure to body mass index reduces the diagnosis of obesity in the lipoedema cohort. J Lymphoedema. 2025;20(1):58-68. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Primary study | GRADE ⊕◯◯◯ Very low | Context |
| Meuli JN, Guiotto M, Elmers J, Mazzolai L, di Summa PG. Outcomes after microsurgical treatment of lymphedema: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Surg. 2023;109(5):1360-72. doi:10.1097/JS9.0000000000000210 PMID 37057889. | Systematic review | GRADE ⊕◯◯◯ Very low | Context |
| Miccinilli S, Bravi M, Maselli M, Santacaterina F, Morrone M, Manco D, et al. The effectiveness of extracorporeal shock wave therapy on breast cancer-related lymphedema: a literature review. Lymphology. 2020;53(3):118-35. PMID 33350286. | Narrative review | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Michelini S, Amato B, Kenanoglu S, Veselenyiova D, Dautaj A, Kurti D, et al. Rare PECAM1 variants in three families with lymphedema. Lymphology. 2020;53(3):141-51. PMID 33350288. | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Michelini S, Degiorgio D, Cestari M, Corda D, Ricci M, Cardone M, et al. Clinical and genetic study of 46 Italian patients with primary lymphedema. Lymphology. 2012;45(1):3-12. PMID 22768468. | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Michelini S, Fiorentino A, Cardone M. Melilotus, rutin and bromelain in primary and secondary lymphedema. Lymphology. 2019;52(4):177-86. PMID 32171184. | Primary study | GRADE ⊕◯◯◯ Very low | Context |
| Michelini S, Musa F, Vetrano M, Santoboni F, Nusca SM, Latini E, et al. Defocused and radial shock wave therapy, mesotherapy, and kinesio taping effects in patients with lipedema: a pilot study. Lymphology. 2023;56(1):13-26. PMID 38019876. | Primary study | GRADE ⊕◯◯◯ Very low | Context |
| Michelini S, Vettori A, Maltese PE, Cardone M, Bruson A, Fiorentino A, et al. Genetic screening in a large cohort of Italian patients affected by primary lymphedema using a next generation sequencing (NGS) approach. Lymphology. 2016;49(2):57-72. PMID 29906362. | Primary study | GRADE ⊕⊕◯◯ Low | Context |
| Michopoulos E, Papathanasiou G, Krousaniotaki K, Vathiotis I, Troupis T, Dimakakos E. Lymphedema duration as a predictive factor of efficacy of complete decongestive therapy. Lymphology. 2021;54(3):140-53. PMID 34929075. | Primary study | GRADE ⊕⊕◯◯ Low | Context |
| Mihara M, Hara H, Furniss D, Narushima M, Iida T, Kikuchi K, et al. Lymphaticovenular anastomosis to prevent cellulitis associated with lymphoedema. Br J Surg. 2014;101(11):1391-6. doi:10.1002/bjs.9588 PMID 25116167. | Primary study | GRADE ⊕◯◯◯ Very low | Context |
| Mihara M, Hara H, Kawasaki Y, Mitsuhashi T, Orikasa H, Ando H, et al. Lymphatic venous anastomosis and complex decongestive therapy for lymphoedema: randomized clinical trial. Br J Surg. 2024;111(1):znad372. doi:10.1093/bjs/znad372 PMID 37997932. | Randomised trial | GRADE ⊕◯◯◯ Very low | Supports |
| Mihara M, Hara H, Murai N, Todokoro T, Iida T, Narushima M, et al. Severe lymphedema caused by repeated self-injury. Lymphology. 2011;44(4):183-6. PMID 22458120. | Case report | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Mihara M, Hara H, Tange S, Zhou HP, Kawahara M, Shimizu Y, et al. Multisite lymphaticovenular bypass using supermicrosurgery technique for lymphedema management in lower lymphedema cases. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016;138(1):262-72. doi:10.1097/PRS.0000000000002254 PMID 27348659. | Primary study | GRADE ⊕◯◯◯ Very low | Context |
| Mikami T, Hosono M, Yabuki Y, Yamamoto Y, Yasumura K, Sawada H, et al. Classification of lymphoscintigraphy and relevance to surgical indication for lymphaticovenous anastomosis in upper limb lymphedema. Lymphology. 2011;44(4):155-67. PMID 22458117. | Diagnostic or measurement study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Miller CL, Specht MC, Horick N, Skolny MN, Jammallo LS, O'Toole J, et al. A novel, validated method to quantify breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) following bilateral breast surgery. Lymphology. 2013;46(2):64-74. PMID 24354105. | Diagnostic or measurement study | Evidence level 3 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Mine H, Tamura K, Tanegashima K, Shinozaki Y. Non-traumatic chylothorax associated with diffuse lymphatic dysplasia. Lymphology. 1984;17(4):111-2. PMID 6530897. | Case report | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Miranda F Jr, Perez MC, Castiglioni ML, Juliano Y, Amorim JE, Nakano LC, et al. Effect of sequential intermittent pneumatic compression on both leg lymphedema volume and on lymph transport as semi-quantitatively evaluated by lymphoscintigraphy. Lymphology. 2001;34(4):135-41. PMID 11549125. | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Miseré RML, Wolfs JAGN, Lobbes MBI, van der Hulst RRWJ, Qiu SS. A systematic review of magnetic resonance lymphography for the evaluation of peripheral lymphedema. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2020;8(5):882-92.e2. doi:10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.03.007 PMID 32417145. | Systematic review | GRADE ⊕⊕◯◯ Low | Context |
| Mitra A, Bhuyan G, Muralikrishna C, Naser SM, Ratha KK, Babu G, et al. Clinical evaluation of AYUSH-SL in patients receiving mass drug administration for treatment of chronic inflammatory lymphedema: a double-blind placebo-controlled multicentric study. J Vector Borne Dis. 2025;62(2):202-10. doi:10.4103/JVBD.JVBD_61_24 PMID 39636260. | Randomised trial | GRADE ⊕◯◯◯ Very low | Challenges |
| Mohammed H, Abo Salama M, El Lenjawi B, Hassan I. Using honey in post-excision malignant melanoma ulcers. J Lymphoedema. 2012;7(1):36-45. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Case report | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Molnár Z, Karoliny G, Mózsik G, Németh A. Lymphogenic enteropathy from thoracic duct obstruction. Lymphology. 1974;7(3):130-6. PMID 4437200. | Case report | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Molyneux D. Lymphatic filariasis elimination: a public health opportunity. J Lymphoedema. 2011;6(1):62-4. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Narrative review | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Molyneux DH. Filaria control and elimination: diagnostic, monitoring and surveillance needs. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2009;103(4):338-41. doi:10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.12.016 PMID 19181357. | Narrative review | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Monnin-Delhom ED, Gallix BP, Achard C, Bruel JM, Janbon C. High resolution unenhanced computed tomography in patients with swollen legs. Lymphology. 2002;35(3):121-8. PMID 12363222. | Diagnostic or measurement study | Evidence level 3 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Montanaro F, Pettenuzzo G, Malandra S, Veccia A, Porcaro AB, Gozzo A, et al. Prevention of lymphedema after extended pelvic lymphadenectomy using diosmin, bromelain, melilotus, and hesperidin: results from a prospective randomized study (PRELYNE trial). J Robot Surg. 2026;20(1):856. doi:10.1007/s11701-026-03816-5 PMID 42616207. | Randomised trial | GRADE ⊕⊕◯◯ Low | Challenges |
| Morag B, Hertz M, Rubinstein ZJ. The value of lymphangiography in chyluria: a report of three cases. Lymphology. 1977;10(1):5-9. PMID 859360. | Case report | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
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| Reisshauer A, Tsatrafilis E, Kornappel S, Huscher D, Liebl ME. A randomized, controlled noninferiority study of adjustable compression wraps compared with inelastic multilayer bandaging used in the intensive complex decongestive therapy of lower leg lymphedema. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2025;13(4):102214. doi:10.1016/j.jvsv.2025.102214 PMID 40015477. | Randomised trial | GRADE ⊕⊕◯◯ Low | Supports |
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| Sheikhi-Mobarakeh Z, Yarmohammadi H, Mokhatri-Hesari P, Fahimi S, Montazeri A, Heydarirad G. Herbs as old potential treatments for lymphedema management: a systematic review. Complement Ther Med. 2020;55:102615. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102615 PMID 33221590. | Systematic review | GRADE ⊕◯◯◯ Very low | Context |
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| Shen WB, Sun YG, Geng WD, Wu GF, Sun YX, Xia S. Lymphogenous cyst-vein shunt in the management of chylothorax and chylorrhea. Lymphology. 2001;34(4):166-9. PMID 11783594. | Case report | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Shi B, Lin Z, Shi X, Guo P, Wang W, Qi X, et al. Effects of a lymphedema prevention program based on the theory of knowledge-attitude-practice on postoperative breast cancer patients: a randomized clinical trial. Cancer Med. 2023;12(14):15468-81. doi:10.1002/cam4.6171 PMID 37329176. | Randomised trial | GRADE ⊕◯◯◯ Very low | Challenges |
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| Sierakowski K, Piller N. Pilot study of the impact of sporting compression garments on composition and volume of normal and lymphedema legs. Lymphology. 2014;47(4):187-95. PMID 25915979. | Primary study | GRADE ⊕◯◯◯ Very low | Context |
| Silvestri V, Mushi V, Ngasala B. Vascular damage in neglected tropical diseases: a surgical perspective. Cham: Springer; 2024. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-53353-2 | Textbook | Not graded | Context |
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| Singh-Grewal D, Troedson C. Sodium valproate as a cause of unilateral pitting lower-limb oedema mimicking lymphoedema in a child. J Lymphoedema. 2016;11(1):44-5. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Case report | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
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| Sjöberg T, Norgren L, Steen S. Contractility of human leg lymphatics during exercise before and after indomethacin. Lymphology. 1989;22(4):186-93. PMID 2632994. | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Smith AD, Spitz L, van Blerk PJ, Gecelter L, Rosmarin KE. Lymphangiography: an analysis of 43 cases. S Afr J Surg. 1966;4(3):137-49. PMID 5981371. | Primary study | Not graded | Context |
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| Spitz JA, Chao AH, Peterson DM, Subramaniam V, Prakash S, Skoracki RJ. Bioimpedance spectroscopy is not associated with a clinical diagnosis of breast cancer-related lymphedema. Lymphology. 2019;52(3):134-42. PMID 31874125. | Diagnostic or measurement study | GRADE ⊕⊕◯◯ Low | Context |
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| Stanton A, Modi S, Mellor R, Levick R, Mortimer P. Diagnosing breast cancer-related lymphoedema in the arm. J Lymphoedema. 2006;1(1):12-5. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Diagnostic or measurement study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
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| Stewart G, Pattison M, Burnand KG. Abnormal fibrinolysis: the cause of lipodermatosclerosis or \"chronic cellulitis\" in patients with primary lymphedema. Lymphology. 1984;17(1):23-7. PMID 6717074. | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
| Stocks ME, Freeman MC, Addiss DG. The effect of hygiene-based lymphedema management in lymphatic filariasis-endemic areas: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015;9(10):e0004171. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004171 PMID 26496129. | Systematic review | GRADE ⊕⊕◯◯ Low | Supports |
| Stolker S, Yin S, Auslander W. Interventions to improve the psychosocial outcomes of individuals with lymphedema: a systematic review. Support Care Cancer. 2026;34(7). doi:10.1007/s00520-026-10972-9 PMID 42393468. | Systematic review | GRADE ⊕◯◯◯ Very low | Context |
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| Stranden E, Kramer K. Lymphatic and transcapillary forces in patients with edema following operation for lower limb atherosclerosis. Lymphology. 1982;15(4):148-55. PMID 6891733. | Primary study | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
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| Summary of symposium on elephantiasis and the management of the swollen limb, September 6, 1988, Oxford, U.K. Lymphology. 1989;22(3):103-10. [No DOI or PMID: grey literature or a journal without identifiers; the citation above is the way to trace it.] | Narrative review | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
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| Surgical interventions in lymphedema and lipedema management: a clinical guide for lymphatic therapists [unpublished document, no author or date]. | Flagged document | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
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| Tanabe T. The surgical treatment of chronic lymphedema of the extremity. Lymphology. 1979;12(1):47-8. PMID 449405. | Case report | Evidence level 4 (OCEBM) | Context |
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| Thielitz A, Bellutti M, Bonnekoh B, Franke I, Wiede A, Lotzing M, et al. Progressive lipo-lymphedema associated with increased activity of dermal fibroblasts in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Lymphology. 2012;45(3):124-9. PMID 23342932. | Case report | Evidence level 5 (OCEBM) | Context |
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